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Corrections were made for traps that were lost or sprung but empty (). Trap success for selected species was measured as the number of animals captured divided by the number of trap nights (maximally 200) at each study site and used as an indication of abundance. Standard measures of faunal composition and abundance were generated from the trapping data. These data were used to qualitatively compare sites for similarities in plant community structure. The major vegetation in the overstory, understory, and herbaceous layers and the extent of cover, as well as the amount of cover by litter and bare soil or rock, were recorded by using a standardized protocol (). The data were used to locate the sampling sites on the satellite images. Longitude and latitude were recorded at the contralateral corners of the two outer trap lines by using global positioning system (GPS) receivers. One hundred single-capture small mammal live traps were set for two nights as four parallel lines of 25 traps each. A standardized trapping protocol was used to sample the local small mammal fauna (, ). The 1998 TM images used to generate the risk map for 1999 did not include two of the original survey sites in moderate-risk areas, and these were excluded from further analyses. These sites were resampled in the spring of 1999 by using the same protocols. The field crews were blinded to the predicted human risk level to further reduce sampling bias. This methodology was devised to control for environmental conditions (e.g., meteorological and lunar conditions) that could affect trap success.
For the field surveys, sites were dichotomized into those above and below the high-risk threshold, and two sites above and two sites below predicted high risk were surveyed at a time. The criteria used in site selection were that the sites were within relatively homogeneous patches of risk categories and that they were within 300 m of a road to allow access. Sites were chosen by an individual unfamiliar with the region to reduce selection bias. In 1998, 40 sites encompassing a wide range of predicted HPS risk (0.05–0.86 from the 1997 images) within the study area were selected. Low-risk areas were those with risk values accounting for ≤10% of cases, moderate-risk areas had values with >10% but. Pixels were categorized into three risk categories.Īreas of low, moderate, or high human risk were aggregated by using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) function (). Risk at each pixel within the study region was assigned by weighting the digital numbers for each band, and elevation by the respective coefficients from the logistic models. Logistic regression was used to estimate risk for each year by using the digital numbers in each of three TM bands (bands 1, 5, and 7) and elevations at 28 HPS cases and 170 randomly selected control sites from the original 1993 outbreak. The images were processed and annual predicted HPS risk maps were generated by using described methods (). Imagery was obtained from the Earth Resources Data Center. Landsat 5 TM imagery from mid-June in 19 was obtained for a 105,200-km 2 study area in the southwestern United States where HPS was initially recognized in 1993 (). 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. Gmail is email that's intuitive, efficient, and useful. Using an experimental deer mouse infection model in an outdoor laboratory, we tested. Field studies indicate that transmission occurs primarily if not exclusively via a horizontal mecha- nism. The mechanism(s) by which Sin Nombre (SN) hantavirus is maintained in deer mouse populations is unclear.
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Firsts PDF And Epub document is now understandable for free and you can access, approach and keep it in your. Did you searching for firsts PDF And Epub? This is the best area to right to use firsts PDF And Epub past further or repair your product, and we wish it can be utter perfectly. Satellite Imagery and Risk Classification.įirsts PDF And Epub By Van Jon. Gordon Wolman, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (received for review February 7, 2002). Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and ∥Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 ‡Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 § Special Pathogens Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333 and ¶IBM T.J.
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